German Arithmetical Treatises in Manuscripts of the Late Middle Ages (1400-1522). A Study on Philology, History and Culture based on a Digital Edition of the Treatises.

Introduction

How was the practice of arithmetic developed and spread during the transition between the Middle Ages and the Modern Period? We know a lot about the evolution of mathematical theory and its diffusion in Latin, but little about the way in which arithmetic knowledge spread in the vernaculars in the 15th and early 16th centuries.

Translation and Adaptation

Translation and adaptation of arithmetic treatises and manuals provided access to mathematical knowledge for new groups of people. These efforts shaped the practices of reckoning and opened new ways of teaching arithmetic skills to persons without higher education.

Linguistic Impact

These efforts also endowed European vernaculars with new linguistic forms of abstraction and thus enhanced their potential to serve as a tool in the modern scientific revolution.

Research Focus

ARITHMETIC will study handwritten German arithmetic treatises from their first appearance around 1400 until the time when printed reckoning books became easily available at the beginning of the 16th century.

Importance of the Texts

These texts have not been studied before, although they are important witnesses of:

• The vernacularization of mathematical knowledge
• The interdependence of vernacular and Latin pragmatic literacy
• The links between mathematics, sciences, and commerce

Methodology

The treatises will be:

1. Transcribed
2. Digitally edited
3. Analyzed from a historic, literary, and linguistic perspective

An "Assertive Edition" relying on Semantic Enrichment will be one product of ARITHMETIC.

Linguistic Analysis

A detailed linguistic analysis focusing on:

• Semantics
• Syntax
• Vocabulary
• Transmission context

This analysis will lead to the reconstruction of an arithmetic discourse, provide information on the orality underlying didactic texts, and allow tracing writers/compilers and users along with their educational and social background.

Research Goals

This research aims at a new understanding of how arithmetical knowledge and practices of calculation were transformed in Late Medieval Europe, and how an abstract and scientific language emerged in the German vernacular.