The Electrophysiological Landscape of Dreams

Introduction

Why and how do we dream? Although this question has fascinated humankind since the earliest ages, it remains largely unanswered. Each night, when we fall asleep, we progressively disengage from the external world until we cease to perceive it and to act upon it.

Dream Perception

Despite this sensorimotor disconnection, in our dreams we perceive and act. Although we do so in a purely imaginary world, our experiences bear so much resemblance to the real world that we almost invariably take them for real.

Research Objective

How does the brain create such a real-world analogue, and why? Based on my previous work, in which I identified a neural signature of dreaming, I propose to answer this question by studying a set of electroencephalographic (EEG) potentials, which not only occur spontaneously during sleep but in a similar form also during wakefulness, as part of reactions to unexpected environmental stimuli.

Specific Aims

The overarching objective of this proposal is to understand the precise role of these brain potentials in the generation of dreams. Specifically, I will:

1. Provide a systematic characterization of these potentials in the sleeping and waking brain.
2. Clarify their relation to arousal systems.
3. Assess how they relate to sensory and motor features of dreams.
4. Manipulate them to causally affect dreams.

Methodology

To achieve these aims, I will employ a unique combination of cutting-edge experimental approaches, including:

• 256-channel high-density EEG sleep recordings combined with controlled sensory stimulations.
• Serial awakening paradigms.
• Pharmacological manipulations.
• Closed-loop acoustic slow wave modulation.
• Movement analyses in neurological patients who act out their dreams.

Implications

These projects will contribute to the basic understanding of how and why we dream, with implications for the fields of consciousness, neuroscience, and neuropsychiatry. They will also provide technological and pharmacological tools to manipulate sleep and dreams, with clinical relevance for patients with sleep disorders.