Modulation of valence-based learning and behavior: a closed-loop approach in the primate amygdala

Introduction

The primate amygdala is a neural hub that processes computations for learning and memory, specifically when learning involves emotional, motivational, and reinforcement-based signals. This requires it to remain highly adaptive for changes in the valence of environments and stimuli.

Importance of Valence Processing

Failures of such computations can lead to maladaptive behaviors and even psychopathologies such as PTSD and anxiety. However, the core principles of amygdala function continue to elude the field. Recent studies suggest that valence is processed in dedicated pathways, and we do not fully understand the mechanisms governing adaptive processing of valence and its reversal.

Research Goals

Our overarching goal here is to elucidate the factors that underlie the dynamics of valence representation in amygdala circuits and actively reverse valence to examine the impact on behavior.

Methodology

We develop a new framework using brain-computer-interface (BCI) and a closed-loop approach that allows us to guide changes in neural activity in the primate amygdala and modulatory networks.

Hypothesis Testing

We test the hypothesis that coding properties of single amygdala neurons are dynamic and examine how adaptive flexible coding is enabled by population activity.

Parameters of Flexibility

We unveil the parameters that govern this flexibility:

1. Timescales
2. Directionality
3. Population size
4. Effective dimensionality

Behavioral Impact

We then test how reversing the representation of valence alters the animal's response to learned stimuli and use it to examine and manipulate aversive biases in models of anxiety/trauma: generalization and exploration.

Techniques Used

Using high-density neural recordings in the primate amygdala, ACC, and SI, along with closed-loop behavioral paradigms and computational approaches, we will unveil a more direct (rather than correlative) role for the amygdala in the process of valence-based learning and find the constraints that limit network adaptivity.

Conclusion

Our findings in the primate brain will accelerate the design of closed-loop interventions to alleviate human psychopathologies.